Title: Rethinking the Role of Gardens as Active Resources for the Spatialisation of Memory in House Museums: Best Practices at the Art Museums of Skagen Abstract: One of the distinctive features of house museums refers to their ability to put visitors in contact with history through direct experience, that is, enabled by the activation of objects and spaces as communicative and socio-cultural catalysts. Unlike other institutions, these heritage systems perform this task through a spatialisation of memory, based on the signification of the museum building not only as a “container” but also as “content”. The performance of this task is generally assigned to interior rooms, while the gardens that often complement these sites are managed as mere backdrops for circulation, rest, or other facilities. This paper aims to problematise the recurrent use of house museum gardens as mere containers, and to shed light on their strategic potential not only as spatial but also as cultural resources. This goal is addressed through a qualitative, interpretive case study that provides evidence of this potential by examining the experiences developed in the last twenty years at the Art Museums of Skagen (a single institution incorporating three sites), which exemplify how gardens can contribute to the spatialisation of memory performed at historic sites. Authors: Elena Montanari¹ and Mette Harbo Lehmann² Publication order reference: ¹ Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Italy, e-mail: elena.montanari@polimi.it, ORCID: 0000-0002-2102-6985 ² Aarhus University, Art History & Art Museums of Skagen, Denmark, e-mail: mhl@cc.au.dk, ORCID: 0000-0002-3423-4628 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 5–25. Keywords: house museums; house museum gardens; spatialisation of memory; heritage activation Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.1 Title: Protection of Traditional Knowledge as a Part of Cultural Heritage in Industrial Property Law Abstract: Protection of cultural heritage is a formidable task that requires the lawmaker to establish values crucial to preserving the identity of a given community. The concept of cultural heritage is understood differently in different national systems, where it primarily describes cultural activities aimed at preserving tangible and intangible cultural heritage, while in international law its meaning signifies the right to self-determination and existence, particularly in countries with a colonial history. However, due to the expanding influence of international regulations on national legal orders, the two indicated meanings of cultural heritage are mixed. This is reflected in the use of legal institutions, which ratio legis does not refer the function of protection of cultural heritage at all. The aim of this article is to explore whether and how cultural heritage is protected in industrial property law. The article addresses the understanding of the concept of cultural heritage and the means of its protection in industrial property regulations in selected countries. Based on the analysis, the general conclusions establish models for the protection of cultural heritage in industrial property law. The article aims to show that cultural heritage is a broader concept than cultural activities and that it is also protected by intellectual property law. Authors: Michał Najman¹ Publication order reference: ¹ Masovian Academy in Płock, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, Law Department, Poland, e-mail: m.najman@mazowiecka.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000- 0001-8207-8458 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 27–50. Keywords: cultural heritage; intellectual property; traditional knowledge Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.2 Title: Genius Loci and Memory: World War II Memorial Museums in Rural Poland Abstract: Poland is a country rich in World War II memorial sites. Due to the ongoing “memory boom,” new memorial museums are continuously being established. This paper presents an analysis of selected Polish memorial museum sites located in non-urbanised areas, specifically in Markowa, Michniów and Bełżec. The author poses the research question: How do these examples use the authentic attributes of their locations to preserve the genius loci and create a modern spatial design? The characteristic features of these museum complexes were examined in terms of architecture, spatial planning and the thanatourism potential of each site. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between contemporary spatial design language and the context and meaning of place. Author: Małgorzata Petelenz¹ Publication order reference: ¹ Tadeusz Kościuszko Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow, Poland, e-mail: malgorzata.petelenz@pk.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000-0001- 7038-1687 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 51–71. Keywords: architecture; memorial; genius loci; spatial design; museum Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.3 Title: Migration museums’ social and cultural offer for Ukrainian war refugees: A case study of the Emigration Museum in Gdynia Abstract: With the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine in February 2022, many institutions and organisations have been faced with the challenge of integrating and including numerous refugees. Migration museums, statutorily responsible for informing and educating about migrations and asylum in both historical and contemporary contexts, have become notable actors in this regard. This article presents a case study of the Museum of Emigration in Gdynia (MEG) and the activities undertaken by this institution for war refugees from Ukraine. The text is based on participant observation, source documents, individual in-depth interviews and a literature review. The results of the analysis demonstrate that cultural institutions, including migration museums, can take over integration activities from NGOs in a crisis situation, relying on stable infrastructure and financial liquidity. Authors: Rafał Raczyński,¹ Kamila Kowalska² Publication order reference: ¹ University of Gdańsk, Institute of Political Science, ul. prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland, e-mail: rafal.raczynski@ug.edu.pl, ORCID 0000-0002- 7143-790X ² University of Gdańsk, Institute of Political Science, ul. prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland, e-mail: kamila.kowalska@ug.edu.pl, ORCID 0000-0003- 3477-9633 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 73–84. Keywords: migration museums; integration of migrants; social inclusion; war refugees from Ukraine; Emigration Museum in Gdynia Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.4 Title: The National Museum of the United States Army: Tradition and Modernity in the Presentation of Historical Military Collections in the Context of Shaping National Identity and Protecting Historical Memory Abstract: This article critically analyses the mission, governance, exhibition strategies and security model of the National Museum of the United States Army (NMUSA), focusing on the institution’s role in shaping national identity and managing historical memory. The study draws on a March 2026 study visit, participant observation, semi-structured expert interviews and institutional and legal documents. The museum’s official statements and staff accounts are treated as empirical material requiring interpretation rather than as neutral descriptions of reality. Using Laurajane Smith’s concept of authorised heritage discourse, Tony Bennett’s analysis of the museum as an apparatus of cultural governance, Sharon Macdonald’s concept of difficult heritage and Robert N. Bellah’s theory of civil religion, the article examines how NMUSA legitimises the US Army through narrative selection, inclusive representation, institutional authority and emotional experience. The analysis finds that the museum makes previously marginalised soldiers visible but generally incorporates histories of segregation, discrimination, Japanese American internment and colonial violence into a reconciliatory narrative of loyalty, reform and national unity. Its immersive and multisensory technologies can increase accessibility and engagement, but they also create conditions for identification with the soldier’s perspective, the gamification of military action and the marginalisation of civilian suffering and political responsibility. Authors: Jacek Dworzecki,¹ Karol Kujawa,² Bernard Wiśniewski,³ Izabela Nowicka,⁴ Wojciech Horyń⁵ Publication order reference: ¹ Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, Slovakia, e-mail: jacek.dworzecki@akademiapz.sk, ORCID: 0000-0002-9357-5713 ² WSB University, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland, e-mail: kkujawa@wsb.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000-0003-3035-0151 ³ WSB University, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland, e-mail: bwisniewski@wsb.edu.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0011-7271 ⁴ Military University of the Land Forces, Poland, e-mail: izabela.nowicka@awl.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000-0001-8974-0803 ⁵ Military University of the Land Forces, Poland, e-mail: wojtech.horyn@awl.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000-0002-9887-5889 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 85–101. Keywords: National Museum of the United States Army; critical museology; authorised heritage discourse; difficult heritage; security; immersive technologies; national identity Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.5 Title: “Trauma Objects” and Buildings as War Museums: From the Personal and the Critical to the National and the Heroic  Memory Abstract: This paper examines the interplay between war museums and history from below by analysing initiatives that deal with the civilian communities attacked on October 7 in Israel. The initiatives are based on “trauma objects” and buildings that were damaged in the battles and belonged to members of the community. As leftwing communities that were labelled as “traitors”, the preservation initiatives make use of practices from below that could be assumed to take on a sectorial character that challenges the national–heroic discourse and accuses it of abandonment. Analysing the transgressive crossing from above to below reveals that it does not create a crossing from the national to the personal or from the heroic to the critical. On the contrary, it is precisely the curatorial practices from below that have helped nationalise the narrative, deny rifts and rebuild the consensus. The findings ask about the possibility of avoiding a curation of effacement through actions from below in the representation of war. Authors: Dalya Yafa Markovich¹ Publication order reference: ¹ Beit Berl College, Faculty of Arts, Kfar Saba, 4490500, Israel, e-mail: Dalya.markovich@beitberl.ac.il, ORCID: 0000-0002-2951-9880 Source: Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, year: 2026, vol.: 14, issue: 3,  pages: 103–120. Keywords: military museums; material culture; history from above/below; national/personal narrative; heroic/critical Language: English online full-text PDF doi: 10.46284/mkd.2026.14.3.6